Fast (seconds to minutes):
- Extracellular
domains of integral membrane proteins such as occludin, claudins, receptors, channels
- Calcium depletion
(EDTA)
- Paprika
- Cayenne pepper
- Bay leaf
Medium (minutes to few hours):
- Neurotransmitters (glutamate, NMDA, & AMPA, dopamine)
- ATP depletion (dinitrophenol, antimycin A, deoxy-glucose)
- Protease (trypsin)
-
Protease inhibitors (leupeptin)
- Lipids (sphingosines, alkylglycosides, oxidized lipids, ether lipids)
Slow (few hours to tens of hours):
- Aspirin
- Cytochalasin
B & D
- Brefeldin A
- Latruculin
- Interleukin-1beta
Very Slow (days):
- Serotonin
-
TGF (Transforming Growth Factor beta)
- Cytokines (Interferon gamma, Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha)
- Insulin & Insulin-like growth factor
- Caffeine
- Epinephrine
- Mineralcorticoids & Glucocorticoids
- Peptides corresponding to occludin second extracellular
domain
